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意大利提琴制作学派


2017-10-24 08:58 | 作者: 刘兆军 | 来自: 中国小提琴论坛(原文)

摘要: 小提琴在16世纪前期开始形成,约1650年至1750年进入了重要的发展时期。也是克雷莫纳制琴事业的黄金时期。其中,18世纪上半叶,是斯特拉迪瓦里、耶稣 . 瓜内利 几位巨匠的黄金时期。也可说是克雷莫纳黄金时期中的黄金 ...
      挺全面的介绍了意大利提琴制作学派的历史,呵呵...和感兴趣的朋友一起分享. 

      小提琴在16世纪前期开始形成,约1650年至1750年进入了重要的发展时期。也是克雷莫纳制琴事业的黄金时期。其中,18世纪上半叶,是斯特拉迪瓦里、耶稣 . 瓜内利 几位巨匠的黄金时期。也可说是克雷莫纳黄金时期中的黄金时期。他们基本给小提琴定了型。除了19世纪初对琴的张弦结构有所改进,至今几无改变。

      1750年以后,由于意大利有些市镇和国外有不少大师继续活跃于此项事业,仍不能说这一行业已趋衰败。他们不仅不断有佳作产生,并且在19世纪初对琴包括琴颈在内的张弦结构作了重要改进。大约也在那时,一些有造诣的物理学、化学家,也进入了小提琴的研究领域,对此项研究和鉴别提出了越来越多的客观方法和科学见解。

      有人认为,约自19世纪中期至20世纪中期的近百年间,克雷莫纳的制琴事业处于萧条时期。原因可能是从1795年起,欧洲兴办起音乐学院,提琴逐渐大众化,需要大量的廉价提琴。在意、法、英、德等国,作坊逐渐转向工厂化生产。但好琴至今仍是作坊生产。至20世纪50年代,克雷莫纳的制琴业又趋复兴。这一说法也基本符合实际。

      限于篇幅,不能在此一一介绍。仅将各派一些主要大师的名姓和生卒年代或制琴活跃岁月附后,备供查考。

      克雷莫纳

      弗兰切斯科·鲁杰里(Francesco Rugeri或Rugieri,1620—1695),他和他的两个儿子贾青托和温琴佐(Giacinto and Vincenzo)都做过不少好琴。

      焦万尼·巴蒂斯塔·罗杰里(Giovanni Battista Rogeri活跃于约1670—1705),N.阿玛蒂的弟子。他的儿子皮埃特罗·贾科莫(Pietro Giacomo)也是一名技艺精湛的制琴师。

      贾科莫·杰纳罗(Giacomo Gennaro约1640—1655活跃期)N. 阿玛蒂的学生。

      威尼斯

      多梅尼科·蒙塔尼亚纳(Domenico Montagnana,1687—1750)

      圣克图斯·塞拉芬(Sanctus Seraphin,1699—1758后)

      马泰奥·戈夫里勒(Matteo Goffriller,约1699—1742)。以上均为意大利制琴史上很著名的大师。

      米兰

      泰斯托雷家族,从事制琴的主要成员:

      卡洛·朱塞佩·泰斯托雷(Carlo Giuseppe Testore,活跃于1690—约1720);

      卡洛·安东尼欧·泰斯托雷(Carlo Antonio Testore,活跃于约1720—1760);

      保罗·安东尼欧·泰斯托雷(Paolo Antonio Testore,活跃于约1750—1760后);

      皮埃特罗·泰斯托雷(Pietro Testore,活跃于约1750—1760)。

      焦万尼·格兰奇诺(Giovanni Grancino,活跃于约1685—约1726),是米兰最重要的制琴大师,也是C.G.泰斯托雷的老师,对米兰制琴事业影响很大。
 
      那波利

      亚历山德罗·加利阿诺(Alessandro Gagliano,活跃于约1700—约1735)。他的家族是意大利最著名的制琴家庭之一。家族中的制琴师较多,尤以杰纳罗(Gennaro,活跃于约1740—约1780)最杰出,系斯特拉迪瓦里学派。

      皮亚琴察

      焦万尼·巴蒂斯塔·瓜达尼尼(Giovanni Battista 〔J. B.〕Guadagnini,约1711—1786),是瓜达尼尼制琴家族中最重要的成员。他家三代人自1740年以前从事此业直至20世纪初,在继承斯特拉迪瓦里传统方面占有重要地位。

      波洛尼亚

      焦万尼·托诺尼(Giovanni Tononi,逝于1713)和他的更出色的儿子卡洛·托诺尼(Carlo Tononi,逝于1730年3月8日)。

      曼图亚

      卡米洛·卡米利(Camillo Camilli,约1704—1754),是皮埃特罗·瓜尔内里(Pietro Guarneri)的高徒。

      托马索·巴莱斯特列里(Tomaso Balestrieri,活跃于约1750—1780),在他的琴上自称是克雷莫纳人。他最好的琴是斯特拉迪瓦里的那种拱弧较平的琴型,发音强有力,适于独奏;桔红的漆非常精美。他做了大量小提琴和为数不多的大、中提琴

      罗马

      达维德·泰赫勒(David Tecchler,约1666—1747后),德籍意大利制琴家。

      米夏埃尔·普拉特纳(Michael Platner,活跃于约1720—1750),奥地利籍小提琴制作家,前者的学生。

      弗兰切斯科·艾米利亚尼(Francesco Emilliani,活跃于约1700—约1740),也是D.泰赫勒的学生。他们三人主要仿效阿玛蒂和施坦纳的琴型。

      18世纪中期以后的制琴家。约自1750年以后至19世纪中期,意大利的制琴业不及以前那么高手林立兴旺发达,但仍有一些优秀大师活跃于各地。如:

      克雷莫纳的洛伦佐·斯托里奥尼(Lorenzo Storioni,1751—约1800),他的琴很受演奏者的欢迎,发音宽阔、明亮、开放而有力,很适于独奏。

      克雷莫纳的切鲁家族的祖孙三代制作家,焦万尼·巴蒂斯塔·切鲁蒂(Giovanni Battista Ceruti,约1755—1817后);其子朱塞佩(Giuseppe,约1787—1860);其孙恩里科(Enrico,1808—1883)。他们均系克雷莫纳学派继承者。

      都林

      都林的焦万尼·弗兰切斯科·普雷森达(Giovanni Francesco Pressenda,1777—1854)和他的弟子朱塞佩·罗卡(Giuseppe Rocca,1807—1845)他们是19世纪上半叶意大利最杰出的制琴大师。他们受斯特拉迪瓦里的强烈影响。有人甚至说普雷森达的作品总有一天会取代“斯特拉德”。

      佛罗伦萨    

      弗洛伦萨的焦万尼·巴蒂斯塔·加布里埃利(Giovanni Battista Gabbrielli,活跃于约1740—1770),在该市有重要影响,那里的许多制琴师曾师从他。

      弗洛伦萨的托马索·卡尔卡西(Tomaso Carcassi)和洛伦佐·卡尔卡西(Lorenzo Carcassi)。

      威尼斯的安塞尔莫·贝洛西欧(Anselmo Bellosio,1743—1793),大概是G.塞拉菲恩的学生。当全意大利制琴事业渐趋衰落之时,他仍保持良好传统,作品非常匀整精美。

      威尼斯的马尔科·安东尼奥·切林(Marco Antonio Cerin,1774—1808后),是前者的学生,作品主要仿斯特拉迪瓦里琴型,选料精良,发音很美。

      米兰的卡洛·费迪南多·兰多尔费(Carlo Ferdinando Landolphi,活跃于约1750—约1775),他的作品很象J.B.瓜达尼尼的琴型。他的儿子皮埃特罗·安东尼奥(Pietro Antonio)也是制琴师。

      米兰的安东尼奥·马里亚·拉瓦扎(Antonio Maria Lavazza,活跃于约1703—1732)和他的儿子圣蒂诺·拉瓦扎(Santino Lavazza),作品均系仿“斯特拉德”琴型。

      米兰的皮埃特罗·焦万尼·曼泰加扎(Pietro Giovanni Mantegazza,活跃于约1757—约1800),是C.F.兰多尔费的弟子。他做过许多好琴,也是一位精湛的老琴修复家。

      皮亚琴察的加斯帕罗·洛伦齐尼(Gasparo Lorenzini,1743—1804)是瓜达尼尼的学生。他的作品音质很好,涂饰漂亮。

      特雷维索的皮埃特洛·安东尼奥·达拉·科斯塔(Pietro Antonio Dalla Costa,活跃于约1740—1768)。他的作品受阿玛蒂兄弟的影响。他有一把琴属于莫扎特,被用于演奏。

      帕尔马的费利克斯·莫里·科斯塔(Felix Mori Costa,活跃于约1800—1825)。他的琴型较小,琴板拱弧较高,涂饰精美。

      19世纪初小提琴的改进。法国大革命(1789—1799)后不久,大概由于时代变迁和社会发展,为适应在大厅堂和大管弦乐团中演奏,需要发音更强有力的乐器。

      19世纪初,小提琴的改进主要表现在:琴颈加长和改细,后仰角度增大。改变了原来在琴颈与指板间加楔片的做法。指板随之加长,表面拱弧也略增高。由于这样改变使弦的张力增大,便将琴颈底端改为榫接入琴内的顶木,弦马随之加高,上缘弧线更明显,低音梁加长加厚,音柱直径加粗。

      这些改变明显是为了琴的结构更坚固,使弦的张力更大,从而发音更有力。自那以后,对许多老琴纷纷依此改装。后来,琴弦也随之加长加粗。G弦用缠弦由来已久,D弦和A弦可能在19世纪也用上缠弦,E弦在20世纪则以钢丝取代肠衣弦。钢丝E弦的使用,使原来用肠衣弦容易折断和松弛的事故大为减少,使最高区的反应也更灵敏。

      19世纪初,也用上了强度更大的图尔特(Tourte)琴弓。1920年,施波尔(Spohr)发明了腮托,后来成了小提琴上的标准附件。它可以部分减轻原先左手持琴的负担,使左手运指、换把和颤指更为自如。并使颚加于琴板上的压力,通过腮托集聚于板边坚固处,有利于保护很薄的琴板。

      斯特拉迪瓦里 琴的重生、恢复传统演奏,萨科尼做出了重大的贡献.

      西莫内·费尔南多·萨科尼(Simone Fernando Sacconi,1895于罗马—1973于纽约)。   从19世纪前期上述大师们相继去世后,意大利制琴业即陷入约百年的沉寂期,连克雷莫纳也几乎没有一位称得上大师的提琴制作师。当然这不是说在意大利境内外不无一些优秀的制作家。其中萨科尼就是有特殊贡献的一位。他的主要功绩在于使行将失落的斯特拉迪瓦里传统得以恢复,影响克雷莫纳新一代制琴学派的成长。他在这方面起了重要的承前启后作用。

      他是一位现代克雷莫纳学派的小提琴制作家和古琴修复家。他父亲是位小提琴演奏好手。他16岁时已是一名有经验的制琴者,尤其善于模仿斯特拉迪瓦里的作品。他曾在艺术学院学过绘画和雕塑。

      1913年,他为一家乐器商赴美国工作。在那儿除了制作提琴,主要从事修琴和旧琴修复工作。他一直很重视斯特拉迪瓦里的业绩,在美国他有机会接触到许多“斯特拉德"。据说经他修复的“斯特拉德”达300把以上。他长期钻研斯特拉迪瓦里的制琴方法,在这方面有精深造诣。1972年,他在克雷莫纳出版了一部《斯特拉迪瓦里的秘密》,书中详细揭示了斯特拉迪瓦里的工作方法,是一部当今世界制琴者必读的权威著作。

      他从1961年起,常在克雷莫纳为他的著作搜集资料。当代克雷莫纳优秀大师F. 比索洛蒂随他研究斯特拉迪瓦里长达10年之久,深受他的影响。他们搜集到大量斯特拉迪瓦里原设计图纸、模型和工具,筹建起了克雷莫纳斯特拉迪瓦里博物馆。他于1972年荣获该市荣誉市民称号。

      
 
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引用 刘兆军 2013-1-22 20:21
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span></strong></font></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 27px; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 18px; WORD-BREAK: normal" color="#993300"><strong>克雷莫纳</strong></font></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>弗兰切斯科·鲁杰里(Francesco Rugeri或Rugieri,1620—1695),他和他的两个儿子贾青托和温琴佐(Giacinto and Vincenzo)都做过不少好琴。</strong></font></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>焦万尼·巴蒂斯塔·罗杰里(Giovanni Battista Rogeri活跃于约1670—1705),N.阿玛蒂的弟子。他的儿子皮埃特罗·贾科莫(Pietro Giacomo)也是一名技艺精湛的制琴师。</strong></font></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>贾科莫·杰纳罗(Giacomo Gennaro约1640—1655活跃期)N. 阿玛蒂的学生。</strong></font></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 27px; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 18px; WORD-BREAK: normal" color="#993300"><strong>威尼斯</strong></font></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>多梅尼科·蒙塔尼亚纳(Domenico Montagnana,1687—1750)</strong></font></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>圣克图斯·塞拉芬(Sanctus Seraphin,1699—1758后)</strong></font></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>马泰奥·戈夫里勒(Matteo Goffriller,约1699—1742)。以上均为意大利制琴史上很著名的大师。</strong></font></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 27px; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 18px; WORD-BREAK: normal" color="#993300"><strong>米兰</strong></font></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>泰斯托雷家族,从事制琴的主要成员:</strong></font></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>卡洛·朱塞佩·泰斯托雷(Carlo Giuseppe Testore,活跃于1690—约1720);</strong></font></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>卡洛·安东尼欧·泰斯托雷(Carlo Antonio Testore,活跃于约1720—1760);</strong></font></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>保罗·安东尼欧·泰斯托雷(Paolo Antonio Testore,活跃于约1750—1760后);</strong></font></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>皮埃特罗·泰斯托雷(Pietro Testore,活跃于约1750—1760)。</strong></font></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>焦万尼·格兰奇诺(Giovanni Grancino,活跃于约1685—约1726),是米兰最重要的制琴大师,也是C.G.泰斯托雷的老师,对米兰制琴事业影响很大。</strong></font></p>

引用 刘兆军 2013-1-22 20:23
<font style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #dcdcdc" color="#464646" face="黑体">
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px"  simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 27px; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 18px; WORD-BREAK: normal" color="#993300"><strong>那波利</strong></font></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px"  simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>亚历山德罗·加利阿诺(Alessandro Gagliano,活跃于约1700—约1735)。他的家族是意大利最著名的制琴家庭之一。家族中的制琴师较多,尤以杰纳罗(Gennaro,活跃于约1740—约1780)最杰出,系斯特拉迪瓦里学派。</strong></font></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px"  simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 27px; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 18px; WORD-BREAK: normal" color="#993300"><strong>皮亚琴察</strong></font></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px"  simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>焦万尼·巴蒂斯塔·瓜达尼尼(Giovanni Battista<span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; WORD-WRAP: normal; WORD-BREAK: normal">〔</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times new=" lang="EN-US" xml:lang="EN-US" WORD-WRAP: WORD-BREAK: normal; normal? Roman?; New?>J. B.</span><span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; FONT-FAMILY: 仿宋_GB2312; WORD-WRAP: normal; WORD-BREAK: normal">〕</span></font></strong></font></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px"  simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>Guadagnini,约1711—1786),是瓜达尼尼制琴家族中最重要的成员。他家三代人自1740年以前从事此业直至20世纪初,在继承斯特拉迪瓦里传统方面占有重要地位。</strong></font></p>
<p style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" align="left" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px"  simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 27px; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 18px; WORD-BREAK: normal" color="#993300"><strong>波洛尼亚</strong></font></p>
<p style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" align="left" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px"  simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>焦万尼·托诺尼(Giovanni Tononi,逝于1713)和他的更出色的儿子卡洛·托诺尼(Carlo Tononi,逝于1730年3月8日)。</strong></font></p>
<p style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" align="left" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px"  simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 27px; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 18px; WORD-BREAK: normal" color="#993300"><strong>曼图亚</strong></font></p>
<p style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" align="left" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px"  simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>卡米洛·卡米利(Camillo Camilli,约1704—1754),是皮埃特罗·瓜尔内里(Pietro Guarneri)的高徒。</strong></font></p>
<p style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" align="left" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px"  simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>托马索·巴莱斯特列里(Tomaso Balestrieri,活跃于约1750—</strong></font></p>
<p style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" align="left" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px"  simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>1780),在他的琴上自称是克雷莫纳人。他最好的琴是斯特拉迪瓦里的那种拱弧较平的琴型,发音强有力,适于独奏;桔红的漆非常精美。他做了大量小提琴和为数不多的大、中提琴。</strong></font></p></font>

引用 刘兆军 2013-1-22 20:25
<font style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #dcdcdc" color="#464646" face="黑体">
<p style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" align="left" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 27px; FONT-FAMILY: 黑体; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 18px; WORD-BREAK: normal" color="#993300"><strong>罗马</strong></font></p>
<p style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" align="left" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;&nbsp; <wbr><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp; </span>达维德·泰赫勒(David Tecchler,约1666—1747后),德籍意大利制琴家。</strong></font></p>
<p style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" align="left" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <wbr><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>米夏埃尔·普拉特纳(Michael Platner,活跃于约1720—1750),奥地利籍小提琴制作家,前者的学生。</strong></font></p>
<p style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" align="left" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>弗兰切斯科·艾米利亚尼(Francesco Emilliani,活跃于约1700—约1740),也是D.泰赫勒的学生。他们三人主要仿效阿玛蒂和施坦纳的琴型。</strong></font></p>
<p style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" align="left" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>18世纪中期以后的制琴家。约自1750年以后至19世纪中期,意大利的制琴业不及以前那么高手林立兴旺发达,但仍有一些优秀大师活跃于各地。如:</strong></font></p>
<p style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" align="left" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>克雷莫纳的洛伦佐·斯托里奥尼(Lorenzo Storioni,1751—约1800),他的琴很受演奏者的欢迎,发音宽阔、明亮、开放而有力,很适于独奏。</strong></font></p>
<p style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" align="left" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>克雷莫纳的切鲁家族的祖孙三代制作家,焦万尼·巴蒂斯塔·切鲁蒂(Giovanni Battista Ceruti,约1755—1817后);其子朱塞佩(Giuseppe,约1787—1860);其孙恩里科(Enrico,1808—1883)。他们均系克雷莫纳学派继承者。</strong></font></p>
<p style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" align="left" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><strong><font size="3"></font></strong>&nbsp;</p>
<p style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" align="left" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><strong><font color="#993300" size="4">都林</font></strong></p>
<p style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" align="left" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>都林的焦万尼·弗兰切斯科·普雷森达(Giovanni Francesco</strong></font></p>
<p style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" align="left" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>Pressenda,1777—1854)和他的弟子朱塞佩·罗卡(Giuseppe Rocca,</strong></font></p>
<p style="PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" align="left" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>1807—1845)他们是19世纪上半叶意大利最杰出的制琴大师。他们受斯特拉迪瓦里的强烈影响。有人甚至说普雷森达的作品总有一天会取代“斯特拉德”。</strong></font></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong><font color="#993300">佛罗伦萨&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;</font><wbr>&nbsp;<wbr></strong><span class="Apple-converted-space"><strong>&nbsp;</strong></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>弗洛伦萨的焦万尼·巴蒂斯塔·加布里埃利(Giovanni</strong></font></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>Battista Gabbrielli,活跃于约1740—1770),在该市有重要影响,那里的许多制琴师曾师从他。</strong></font></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>弗洛伦萨的托马索·卡尔卡西(Tomaso Carcassi)和洛伦佐·卡尔卡西(Lorenzo Carcassi)。</strong></font></p></span></font></font>

引用 刘兆军 2013-1-22 20:25
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><font color="#993300">威尼斯</font>的安塞尔莫·贝洛西欧(Anselmo Bellosio,1743—1793),大概是G.塞拉菲恩的学生。当全意大利制琴事业渐趋衰落之时,他仍保持良好传统,作品非常匀整精美。</strong></font></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>威尼斯的马尔科·安东尼奥·切林(Marco Antonio Cerin,</strong></font></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>1774—1808后),是前者的学生,作品主要仿斯特拉迪瓦里琴型,选料精良,发音很美。</strong></font></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><font color="#993300">米兰</font>的卡洛·费迪南多·兰多尔费(Carlo Ferdinando</strong></font></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>Landolphi,活跃于约1750—约1775),他的作品很象J.B.瓜达尼尼的琴型。他的儿子皮埃特罗·安东尼奥(Pietro Antonio)也是制琴师。</strong></font></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>米兰的安东尼奥·马里亚·拉瓦扎(Antonio Maria Lavazza,活跃于约1703—1732)和他的儿子圣蒂诺·拉瓦扎(Santino Lavazza),作品均系仿“斯特拉德”琴型。</strong></font></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>米兰的皮埃特罗·焦万尼·曼泰加扎(Pietro Giovanni</strong></font></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>Mantegazza,活跃于约1757—约1800),是C.F.兰多尔费的弟子。他做过许多好琴,也是一位精湛的老琴修复家。</strong></font></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <wbr><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span><font color="#993300">皮亚琴察</font>的加斯帕罗·洛伦齐尼(Gasparo Lorenzini,1743—</strong></font></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>1804)是瓜达尼尼的学生。他的作品音质很好,涂饰漂亮。</strong></font></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#993300"> </font></span><font color="#993300">特雷维索</font>的皮埃特洛·安东尼奥·达拉·科斯塔(Pietro</strong></font></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>Antonio Dalla Costa,活跃于约1740—1768)。他的作品受阿玛蒂兄弟的影响。他有一把琴属于莫扎特,被用于演奏。</strong></font></p>

引用 刘兆军 2013-1-22 20:26
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#000000"> </font></span><font color="#000000">帕尔马</font>的费利克斯·莫里·科斯塔(Felix Mori Costa,活跃于约1800—1825)。他的琴型较小,琴板拱弧较高,涂饰精美。</strong></font></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>19世纪初小提琴的改进。法国大革命(1789—1799)后不久,大概由于时代变迁和社会发展,为适应在大厅堂和大管弦乐团中演奏,需要发音更强有力的乐器。</strong></font></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>&nbsp;<wbr><font color="#993300">&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>19世纪初,小提琴的改进主要表现在:琴颈加长和改细,后仰角度增大。改变了原来在琴颈与指板间加楔片的做法。指板随之加长,表面拱弧也略增高。由于这样改变使弦的张力增大,便将琴颈底端改为榫接入琴内的顶木,弦马随之加高,上缘弧线更明显,低音梁加长加厚,音柱直径加粗。</font></strong></font></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal" color="#993300"><strong>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>这些改变明显是为了琴的结构更坚固,使弦的张力更大,从而发音更有力。自那以后,对许多老琴纷纷依此改装。后来,琴弦也随之加长加粗。G弦用缠弦由来已久,D弦和A弦可能在19世纪也用上缠弦,E弦在20世纪则以钢丝取代肠衣弦。钢丝E弦的使用,使原来用肠衣弦容易折断和松弛的事故大为减少,使最高区的反应也更灵敏。</strong></font></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>19世纪初,也用上了强度更大的图尔特(Tourte)琴弓。<font color="#000000">1920年,施波尔(Spohr)发明</font><font color="#000000">了腮托,后来成了小提琴上的标准附件。</font>它可以部分减轻原先左手持琴的负担,使左手运指、换把和颤指更为自如。并使颚加于琴板上的压力,通过腮托集聚于板边坚固处,有利于保护很薄的琴板。</strong></font></p>

引用 刘兆军 2013-1-22 20:26
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#993300">斯特拉迪瓦里 琴的重生、恢复传统演奏,萨科尼做出了重大的贡献.</font></strong></font></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal" color="#993300"><strong></strong></font>&nbsp;</p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong></strong></font>&nbsp;</p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;<wbr><font color="#993300"><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;</span>西莫内·费尔南多·萨科尼</font>(Simone Fernando Sacconi,1895于罗马—1973于纽约)。&nbsp;&nbsp; 从19世纪前期上述大师们相继去世后,意大利制琴业即陷入约百年的沉寂期,连克雷莫纳也几乎没有一位称得上大师的提琴制作师。当然这不是说在意大利境内外不无一些优秀的制作家。其中萨科尼就是有特殊贡献的一位。他的主要功绩在于使行将失落的斯特拉迪瓦里传统得以恢复,影响克雷莫纳新一代制琴学派的成长。他在这方面起了重要的承前启后作用。</strong></font></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>他是一位现代克雷莫纳学派的小提琴制作家和古琴修复家。他父亲是位小提琴演奏好手。他16岁时已是一名有经验的制琴者,尤其善于模仿斯特拉迪瓦里的作品。他曾在艺术学院学过绘画和雕塑。</strong></font></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>1913年,他为一家乐器商赴美国工作。在那儿除了制作提琴,主要从事修琴和旧琴修复工作。他一直很重视斯特拉迪瓦里的业绩,在美国他有机会接触到许多“斯特拉德"。据说经他修复的“斯特拉德”达300把以上。他长期钻研斯特拉迪瓦里的制琴方法,在这方面有精深造诣。1972年,他在克雷莫纳出版了一部《斯特拉迪瓦里的秘密》,书中详细揭示了斯特拉迪瓦里的工作方法,是一部当今世界制琴者必读的权威著作。</strong></font></p>
<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0px; BORDER-RIGHT-WIDTH: 0px; WIDOWS: 2; TEXT-TRANSFORM: none; BACKGROUND-COLOR: rgb(220,220,220); LIST-STYLE-TYPE: none; MARGIN-TOP: 0px; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" 0px="0px" 5px; PADDING-LEFT: PADDING-RIGHT: FONT: 14px="14px" 21px="21px" simsun; WORD-WRAP: WHITE-SPACE: ORPHANS: 2; BORDER-TOP-WIDTH: BORDER-BOTTOM-WIDTH: LETTER-SPACING: COLOR: rgb(70,70,70); WORD-BREAK: normal; BORDER-LEFT-WIDTH: WORD-SPACING: PADDING-TOP: 0px; border-image: initial; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px?><font style="LINE-HEIGHT: 24px; WORD-WRAP: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; WORD-BREAK: normal"><strong>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr>&nbsp;<wbr><span class="Apple-converted-space">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span>他从1961年起,常在克雷莫纳为他的著作搜集资料。当代克雷莫纳优秀大师F. 比索洛蒂随他研究斯特拉迪瓦里长达10年之久,深受他的影响。他们搜集到大量斯特拉迪瓦里原设计图纸、模型和工具,筹建起了克雷莫纳斯特拉迪瓦里博物馆。他于1972年荣获该市荣誉市民称号。</strong></font></p>

引用 rym8790 2013-1-23 10:49
太复杂,太专业啦。感觉像历史,又像是提琴史的论文。看着真累,不过我真没看完。
引用 刘兆军 2013-1-23 17:41
<font size="3">哈哈...我对里面的人名挺关心的,我修的老琴中看看有没有能对上的。</font>

引用 未来风 2013-1-25 11:38
整篇都读了,真专业,学习了!

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